![]() Additionally, the paper discusses the variety within on-demand services and develops an on-demand service continuum that gives detailed insights into the conceptual variations within such services. Sejak tahun 1980 karakteristik jasa telah dikemukakan oleh para pakar yang bersepakat menetapkan Intangibility, Heterogeneity, Inseparability and Perishability (IHIP) sebagai karakteristik jasa. Accordingly, on-demand services are clearly differentiated from other services. Originality/value-Drawing on these findings, the study contributes to the service literature by being the first to specifically conceptualize and define the on-demand services concept and reveal three key characteristics that clarify the distinctive nature of this service type. they vary in terms of their availability, responsiveness and scalability. Analysis further reveals that on-demand services display differences within the conceptual boundaries of these characteristics, i.e. Findings-The results show that on-demand services are characterized by three interrelated characteristics: being highly available, responsive and scalable. Seven cases were studied, based on a maximum variation sampling strategy. Design/methodology/approach-The study starts with a focused literature review and continues with a multiple case study methodology, as the on-demand service concept is in the early stages of theory development. This enables the on-demand service logic to be applied to other service contexts, where it may add value for customers. The purpose of this paper is to study the characteristics of a range of on-demand services in order to better understand the meaning of "on-demand" and its implications for service management. CTA, 1993.Purpose-Technological developments and new customer expectations of immediacy have driven businesses to adopt on-demand service models. Seminar proceedings, Arnhem, December 1991. ![]() Production of ACP fresh fruits and vegetables for export to the EEC. The promotion of fruit and vegetable production in the ACP countries for export to the EEC countries. A major constraint was seen in the lack of information and statistical data. The principal recommendations by participants pointed to the need to achieve better control of production and marketing by means of improved technical and commercial training, access to finance and credit, seeking out non-traditional markets and joint ventures, diversification of outlets and distribution circuits, the development of transport infrastructures at the national and regional levels, and the development of storage and handling facilities and equipment. The working groups analysed the situation in their countries in terms of production, transport and marketing for each sector. ![]() Other aspects covered included: norms and classification (of the EU), quality control and inspection, transport problems and promotion campaigns. The field visits served to illustrate points raised in plenary sessions: production centres, wholesale markets (the wholesale market of Madrid, Mercamadrid, is the leading world market in fish, at least in terms of variety), large shopping malls and hypermarkets, and street sale points. The programme was divided into plenary sessions, field visits and working groups, and covered all phases of the perishability cycle from production to the end of the distribution chain. Each country sent two representatives, one from the public sector and another from the independent sector thus, there were present private operators and members of Chambers of Commerce, public bodies and producer associations. Trade in these products between the European Union (EU) and the aforementioned countries is of considerable importance. The seminar brought together professionals from the fish, fruit and vegetable sectors of Spanish-speaking countries (Equatorial Guinea and the Dominican Republic), Portuguese-speaking countries (Angola, Guinea Bissau and Mozambique) and French-speaking countries (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Mauritania and Senegal). In April 1998, CTA joined forces with the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, to organise a seminar with the primary goal of analysing this sector in the European context, and as it applies to the various situations in the represented ACP States. ![]() Spain is one of the leading countries in the marketing of perishable agro-food products. These countries need to become full players in global commercial networks, and to have access to international markets. ![]() As the domains touched by economic liberalisation and competitivity grows, the marketing and distribution of agro-food products is becoming a sizeable issue for certain ACP countries. ![]()
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